what is acne primarily caused by

Acne is primarily caused by the clogging of hair follicles with excess oil (sebum) and dead skin cells. This clogging creates an environment where bacteria, especially Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes), can thrive, leading to inflammation and the formation of pimples, blackheads, whiteheads, and sometimes deeper cysts. Hormonal changes, particularly an increase in androgens during puberty, trigger the sebaceous glands to produce more oil, which is a main underlying factor in acne development. Other contributors include genetics, certain medications, diet, stress, and skin irritation, but the core cause involves excess oil production, follicle blockage, bacterial growth, and inflammation.