what is buffer solution

A buffer solution is a solution that can resist changes in pH upon the addition of an acidic or basic component. It is made up of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or vice versa, and is able to neutralize small amounts of added acid or base, thus maintaining the pH of the solution relatively stable/Acids_and_Bases/Buffers/Introduction_to_Buffers). Buffers are important for processes and reactions that require specific and stable pH ranges, and they have a working pH range and capacity that dictate how much acid/base can be neutralized before pH changes, and the amount by which it will change/Acids_and_Bases/Buffers/Introduction_to_Buffers). The buffering action of a buffer solution can be seen in the titration curve, where pH changes very little with the addition of acid or base over the working range of the buffer/Acids_and_Bases/Buffers/Introduction_to_Buffers). Once the buffering capacity is exceeded, the rate of pH change quickly jumps, and the solution will act as if no buffer is present. Buffers are used in a wide variety of chemical applications, including fermentation, food preservatives, drug delivery, electroplating, printing, and the activity of enzymes.