what is by election

A by-election, also known as a special election in some countries, is an election held to fill a political office that has become vacant between general elections. This vacancy can occur due to the incumbent's death, resignation, ineligibility, or if an election is declared invalid. By- elections allow voters in the specific constituency or electorate to choose a new representative to serve for the remainder of the term. By-elections are common in parliamentary systems and single-member constituencies and are used in countries like the UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. They can happen anytime to fill vacant seats, but if a vacancy occurs close to a general election, the seat may remain vacant until the general election. The result of a by-election can sometimes alter the balance of power in a legislature, especially if the ruling party has only a small majority. These elections also serve as a mid-term test of the current government's performance, with voters often using them to express dissatisfaction.