Chandrayaan-1 was the first Indian lunar probe under the Chandrayaan program, launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in October 2008 and operated until August 2009. It included an orbiter and an impactor, and its mission was to orbit the Moon at a height of 100 km from the lunar surface for chemical, mineralogical, and photo-geologic mapping of the Moon. The spacecraft carried 11 scientific instruments built in India, the USA, the UK, Germany, Sweden, and Bulgaria.
Chandrayaan-2, launched in 2019, was designed to be ISROs first lunar lander. Chandrayaan-3, which is ISROs first lunar lander, is aimed at the lunar south pole, a region with water ice that could be a source of oxygen, fuel, and water for future moon missions or a more permanent moon colony. It consists of an indigenous Lander module (LM), Propulsion module (PM), and a Rover with an objective of developing and demonstrating end-to-end capability in safe landing and roving on the lunar surface. The Chandrayaan-3 lander stands about 2 meters tall and has a mass of just over 1,700 kg, roughly on par with an SUV. It is designed to deploy a smaller, 26-kg lunar rover.
