what is cytology test

Cytology, also known as cytopathology, is the examination of individual cells or cell clusters to diagnose certain diseases, including some forms of cancer. Cytology tests use small amounts of bodily tissue or fluid in order to examine certain types of cells. Cytology tests are different from biopsy tests because only a few cells are needed, instead of a tissue sample. Cytology tests are usually painless and less invasive than biopsies. Cytology tests may be used for screening or for diagnosis. A screening test is used to find out if a person might have a certain disease like cancer, even before they develop symptoms. A diagnostic test, such as a cytology test, determines if abnormal cells are present. Cytology tests are commonly used to diagnose or screen for cancer. The cells to be examined may be taken through various methods, such as scraping or brushing the tissue surface, collecting body fluids, or fine-needle aspirations. Examples of cytology tests include the Pap smear, which collects cells from the cervix, and examining fluid from the membrane around the lungs, urine, and saliva mixed with mucus and other matter that is coughed up.