Gabapentin is an anticonvulsant medication primarily used to treat partial seizures and neuropathic (nerve) pain. It is FDA-approved for controlling partial seizures in epilepsy, relieving postherpetic neuralgia (nerve pain following shingles), and treating moderate-to-severe restless legs syndrome
. Gabapentin works by decreasing abnormal excitement in the brain. It binds to a specific subunit (α2δ-1) of voltage-gated calcium channels in nerve cells, which reduces the release of excitatory neurotransmitters like glutamate, thereby calming nerve activity and pain signals
. It is available in several forms including capsules, tablets, extended- release tablets, and oral solutions under brand names such as Neurontin, Gralise, and Horizant
. Gabapentin is also used off-label for other nerve-related conditions, though its main approved uses remain seizure control and neuropathic pain management
. Common side effects include sleepiness and dizziness, and it requires dose adjustment in kidney disease. It is not effective for general pain like that from minor injuries or arthritis
. In summary, gabapentin is a widely prescribed medication to manage seizures and specific types of nerve pain by modulating nerve excitability in the brain and spinal cord.
