Gain of function (GoF) refers to research or experimental techniques that genetically alter an organism to give it new properties or enhance existing biological functions. This can include changes such as increased transmissibility, virulence, or the ability to infect new host species. For example, a virus that previously infected only humans might be experimentally modified to infect another species, which helps scientists understand which genetic changes control host range and disease mechanisms
. In the context of medical and biological research, gain-of-function experiments are used to better understand pathogens, their interactions with hosts, and to anticipate and prepare for emerging infectious diseases. This research can aid vaccine development and therapeutic innovations by revealing how pathogens might evolve or become more dangerous
. Gain-of-function research is a routine and essential tool in biology, not limited to making organisms more harmful. It also includes enhancing beneficial traits or functions, such as improving antibiotic production in molds or developing sustainable agricultural technologies. While some gain-of- function studies involve risks, especially when working with pathogens that could potentially cause pandemics, they are conducted under strict regulatory oversight to balance benefits and safety
. In summary, gain of function is the process of experimentally increasing or adding new biological capabilities to an organism to advance scientific understanding and develop medical or technological applications.
