what is genetic engineering

Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the process of directly altering an organism's genetic material (DNA) using technology. It involves changing the genetic structure by either adding, removing, or modifying genes. Unlike traditional breeding, which involves crossbreeding and selection over generations, genetic engineering can insert genes from one organism into another across species boundaries quickly and precisely. In practice, new DNA is obtained by isolating, copying, or artificially synthesizing the desired genetic material. This DNA can then be inserted into the host organism to produce new traits. Genetic engineering can be used to create genetically modified organisms (GMOs), which might include plants, animals, or microorganisms with enhanced or novel characteristics. Applications include producing crops with higher yields, nutritional value, or disease resistance; creating bacteria that produce human insulin; and potentially fixing genetic disorders in humans by replacing defective genes. Techniques such as recombinant DNA methods, gene editing tools like CRISPR, and gene delivery systems are commonly used. Overall, genetic engineering is a powerful tool in research, medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology that allows the modification of organisms at the genetic level to achieve desired outcomes that would be difficult or impossible by conventional breeding methods. This process does not usually include traditional selective breeding or cloning but is distinct in its ability to transfer genes directly across species or modify genes precisely within the genome. If DNA from a different species is inserted, the organism is termed transgenic; if DNA is from the same species or closely related species, it is cisgenic. Removing specific genes creates knockout organisms. In summary, genetic engineering is the artificial manipulation of genes to alter an organism's traits through technological interventions at the molecular level. This explanation is based on multiple authoritative sources including Wikipedia, genome.gov, Your Genome, and Britannica.