A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. GMOs are living beings that have had their genetic code changed in some way, either by inserting, enhancing, or deleting genes within a species, across species, or even across kingdoms. This creates combinations of plant, animal, bacterial, and virus genes that do not occur in nature or through traditional crossbreeding methods. The definition of a GMO can vary widely between countries, international bodies, and other communities, but at its broadest, it can include anything that has had its genes altered, including by nature. However, taking a less broad view, it can encompass every organism that has had its genes altered by humans, which would include all crops and livestock.
Creating a genetically modified organism is a multi-step process. Genetic engineers must isolate the gene they wish to insert into the host organism. This gene can be inserted into the DNA in the nucleus of a single cell in a laboratory. GMOs may be used for a variety of purposes, such as making human insulin, producing fermented beverages, and developing pesticide resistance in crop plants. While genetically modified animals are mainly used for research purposes, genetically modified plants are common in today’s food supply.
GMOs have become a part of everyday life, entering into society through agriculture, medicine, research, and environmental management. However, while GMOs have benefited human society in many ways, some disadvantages exist, and the production of GMOs remains a highly controversial topic in many parts of the world.
