Hepatitis B is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It can be either acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term). Acute hepatitis B usually lasts less than six months and can range from mild to severe illness, while chronic hepatitis B persists longer than six months and can lead to serious health issues such as liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, and liver failure
. The virus spreads through contact with infected body fluids, including blood, saliva, semen, and vaginal fluids. It can also be transmitted from mother to baby at birth. Common routes of transmission include sexual contact, sharing needles, and exposure to infected blood
. Many people with hepatitis B do not show symptoms initially. When symptoms do occur, they may include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and joint pain. Symptoms typically appear 1 to 4 months after infection and can last weeks to months
. Hepatitis B can be prevented effectively with a vaccine, which is usually administered soon after birth with booster doses later. Vaccination offers nearly 100% protection against the virus
. Treatment depends on whether the infection is acute or chronic. Acute cases may resolve without treatment, while chronic hepatitis B may require antiviral medications and monitoring to prevent liver damage. In severe cases, liver transplantation might be necessary
. In summary, hepatitis B is a viral liver infection with potentially serious long-term consequences, preventable by vaccination and manageable with appropriate medical care.
