Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States. It is usually spread through vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has the virus. HPV is a group of viruses that includes more than 100 types, and more than 40 types of HPV can be passed through sexual contact. Most HPV infections go away by themselves within 2 years, but some types can lead to cancer or genital warts. Certain strains of HPV (most often types 16 and 18) can cause changes in the cells of the cervix, which can lead to cervical dysplasia and, if left untreated, cervical cancer. HPV infections can also cause cancers of the vagina, vulva, penis, anus, and back of the throat.
There is no cure for HPV, but there are vaccines that can help protect against certain types of the virus. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends two doses of HPV vaccine at ages 11-12 years, and the vaccine series is most effective when given before a person is exposed to the virus. Regular Pap/HPV tests are also important for early detection and treatment of HPV-related health problems. While condoms and dental dams can help lower the chances of getting HPV, they do not offer perfect protection.
