In philosophy, logic is the study of reasoning and argumentation. It involves the examination of the principles and methods used to distinguish good reasoning from bad reasoning, as well as the analysis of the structure of statements and arguments. Logic is deeply intertwined with philosophy, as it helps answer fundamental questions and has had a significant impact on various philosophical topics.
There are two main branches of logic:
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Formal logic: This branch of logic focuses on the study of formal systems of inference, which are composed of a formal or informal language, a deductive system, and/or a model-theoretic semantics. Formal logic is concerned with the mathematical properties and relations of these systems.
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Informal logic: This branch of logic examines the structure of arguments and reasoning in natural language, such as English or Greek. It is concerned with the analysis and evaluation of arguments in everyday discourse.
Philosophy of logic, on the other hand, is the area of philosophy that studies the scope and nature of logic. It investigates the philosophical problems raised by logic, such as the presuppositions often implicitly at work in theories of logic and in their application. Philosophy of logic includes questions about how logic is defined, how different logical systems are connected to each other, and the study of the nature of the fundamental concepts used by logic and the relation of logic to other disciplines.
