Macular degeneration, also known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), is a medical condition that primarily affects older adults and causes damage to the macula, a part of the retina responsible for sharp, central vision. It results in blurred or lost vision in the center of the visual field, making it difficult to recognize faces, read, drive, or perform other activities requiring detailed sight. Peripheral vision usually remains intact. There are two main types of macular degeneration:
- Dry AMD (atrophic): The most common form, making up about 85-90% of cases. It involves the thinning of the macula and accumulation of yellow deposits called drusen under the retina. Vision loss occurs gradually.
- Wet AMD (exudative): Less common but more severe. It happens when abnormal blood vessels grow under the retina and leak blood or fluid, causing rapid and more severe vision loss.
While there is no cure for macular degeneration, some treatments can slow the progression, especially for wet AMD. These include injections into the eye to inhibit abnormal blood vessel growth, laser therapy, or photodynamic therapy. For dry AMD, managing risk factors such as not smoking, eating well, and regular eye exams are important. Macular degeneration is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss in adults over 60 in many countries, significantly impacting quality of life. In summary, macular degeneration damages the central part of the vision and worsens over time, but peripheral vision is generally preserved.
