Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare and aggressive type of skin cancer that develops in Merkel cells found in the top layer of the skin. Merkel cells are located deep in the top layer of the skin and are connected to nerves, signaling touch sensation as “touch receptors” . Merkel cell carcinoma usually appears as a painless, flesh-colored or bluish-red nodule growing on the skin, often on the face, head, or neck, but it can appear anywhere on the skin. It is a fast-spreading cancer that tends to grow quickly and metastasize at an early stage, usually spreading first to nearby lymph nodes and then to lymph nodes or skin in distant parts of the body, lungs, brain, bones, or other organs. Merkel cell carcinoma is the second most common cause of skin cancer death after melanoma.
Risk factors for Merkel cell carcinoma include long-term sun exposure, fair skin, age over 50, and a weakened immune system. People with weakened immune systems, including those with HIV infection, those taking drugs that suppress the immune response, or those with chronic leukemias, are more likely to develop Merkel cell carcinoma. Merkel cell carcinoma is also associated with the development of other skin cancers, such as basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma.
The signs and symptoms of Merkel cell carcinoma include a painless, firm, and dome-shaped or raised nodule that is skin-colored, red, purple, or bluish-red in color. It can be mistaken for an insect bite or pimple. While Merkel cell carcinoma is often painless, it can feel sore and tender, and some people say the growth itches. If you notice any new or changing lesions on your skin, especially those that fit the description of Merkel cell carcinoma, you should schedule an appointment with your doctor. Early detection and removal are especially important for this aggressive cancer.
