Sebum is an oily substance produced by the sebaceous glands, which sit in the middle layers of the skin, near hair follicles. It is composed of fats and mixes with fat molecules, called lipids, to form a protective coating on the skin. Sebum helps moisturize and protect the skin, and it contains several types of fat molecules, or lipids. Some of the benefits of sebum include:
- Hydration: Sebum helps keep moisture inside the skin, which promotes skin hydration and flexibility.
- Antioxidant transport: Sebum transports fat-soluble antioxidants to the surface of the skin, which protect against the damaging effects of free radicals.
- Protection against microbes: Sebum is slightly acidic, with a pH of between 4.5 and 6.0, which helps prevent harmful pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, from penetrating the skin.
Sebum production varies in response to age-related hormone fluctuations, certain medications, and lifestyle factors. An overproduction of sebum can lead to oily skin, which can cause blackheads and pimples. On the other hand, too little sebum can cause dry skin.
