A traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an injury to the brain caused by an external force, such as a violent blow or jolt to the head or body, or an object piercing the skull and entering the brain tissue. TBIs can range in severity from mild, such as a concussion, to severe, causing significant impairment or death. The injury can result in physical, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral symptoms. TBIs may cause immediate damage or can lead to secondary damage over time due to changes in blood flow or pressure within the skull. TBIs are classified based on severity—mild, moderate, or severe—and on the nature of the injury—penetrating (open) or non-penetrating (closed). Common causes include falls, vehicle accidents, sports injuries, and violence. Symptoms vary from headaches and dizziness in mild cases to loss of consciousness, seizures, and long-term cognitive difficulties in severe cases. Prevention includes safety measures like seat belts and helmets, while treatment may involve surgery, medication, and various therapies for rehabilitation. TBIs are a major cause of death and disability worldwide, especially in children and young adults. In summary, TBI is a brain injury from an external force affecting brain function with a range of outcomes from full recovery to permanent disability or death. This comprehensive description draws from medical sources including NIH, CDC, and specialized brain injury organizations.
