The difference between commensalism and mutualism lies in how the species involved are affected by their relationship. In mutualism, both species benefit from the interaction and often depend on each other. In commensalism, one species benefits while the other is neither harmed nor benefited and remains unaffected.
Mutualism
- Both species gain benefits from the relationship.
- It can be obligatory (essential for survival) or facultative (beneficial but not vital).
- Example: Bees and flowers; bees get nectar, and flowers get pollinated.
Commensalism
- One species benefits, and the other is unaffected.
- The unaffected species neither gains nor loses from the interaction.
- Example: Barnacles on whales; barnacles get a free ride and food, whales are unaffected.
In summary, mutualism benefits both species, while commensalism benefits only one without affecting the other.
