The primary difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells lies in their internal structure, particularly the presence or absence of a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Key Differences:
- Nucleus:
- Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus enclosed by a nuclear membrane where the genetic material (DNA) is stored.
- Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus; instead, their DNA is located in a nucleoid region that is not membrane-bound
- Membrane-bound organelles:
- Eukaryotic cells contain various membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus, which compartmentalize cellular functions.
- Prokaryotic cells do not have membrane-bound organelles
- DNA structure:
- Eukaryotic DNA is linear and organized into multiple chromosomes within the nucleus.
- Prokaryotic DNA is usually a single circular molecule located in the nucleoid region; some may have plasmids
- Cell size:
- Eukaryotic cells are generally larger (10–100 micrometers).
- Prokaryotic cells are smaller (0.1–5 micrometers)
- Cell complexity:
- Eukaryotic cells are more complex and can be unicellular or multicellular organisms (animals, plants, fungi, protists).
- Prokaryotic cells are simpler and mostly unicellular organisms (bacteria and archaea)
- Reproduction:
- Prokaryotes reproduce asexually by binary fission and can exchange genetic material through processes like conjugation.
- Eukaryotes reproduce by mitosis and meiosis (sexual reproduction)
Similarities:
Both cell types share common features such as DNA, plasma membrane, cytoplasm,
and ribosomes, which are essential for life processes
. In summary, prokaryotic cells are simpler, smaller, and lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a defined nucleus, complex internal structures, and can form multicellular organisms
