Hiccups are caused by involuntary spasms or contractions of the diaphragm, the muscle between the chest and abdomen that plays a key role in breathing. When the diaphragm spasms, the vocal cords quickly close, producing the characteristic "hic" sound. Several factors can trigger these spasms, including eating or drinking too quickly, overeating, drinking carbonated beverages or alcohol, sudden temperature changes, emotional stress or excitement, and swallowing air while chewing gum or smoking. In some cases, irritation or damage to the nerves controlling the diaphragm (vagus or phrenic nerves), central nervous system disorders, metabolic issues, or certain medications can cause persistent or chronic hiccups.
Common Causes of Hiccups
- Overeating or eating too quickly, causing stomach distension
- Drinking carbonated beverages or alcohol
- Sudden temperature changes in the stomach or environment
- Emotional stress, anxiety, or excitement
- Swallowing air during activities like chewing gum or smoking
Causes of Persistent or Chronic Hiccups
- Nerve damage or irritation to the vagus or phrenic nerves
- Central nervous system issues such as brain injury, tumors, stroke, encephalitis, or meningitis
- Metabolic problems like diabetes or electrolyte imbalances
- Use of certain medications or alcohol abuse
Hiccups usually resolve on their own and are harmless, but prolonged hiccups lasting more than 48 hours may require medical evaluation as they can be a sign of an underlying condition.
