Tribulus terrestris, also known as puncture vine, is an annual plant in the caltrop family (Zygophyllaceae) that is widely distributed around the world. It is native to warm temperate and tropical regions in southern Eurasia and Africa, but it has been unintentionally introduced to North America and Australia as an aggressive and hardy invasive species. The plant is adapted to thrive in dry climate locations where few other plants can survive.
The fruit of Tribulus terrestris is covered with spines, which is why it is also called puncture vine. People have used various parts of the plant, including the fruit, leaf, and root, for medicinal purposes in traditional medicine systems such as Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine. Some common names for this plant include goats-head, goathead, bindii, bullhead, burra gokharu, bhakhdi, caltrop, small caltrops, cat's-head, devil's eyelashes, devil's-thorn, devil's-weed, and puncture vine.
Tribulus terrestris has been traditionally known as an aphrodisiac in various cultures. It contains chemicals that might increase levels of some hormones, although it doesn't appear to increase male hormones (testosterone) in humans. People have used tribulus for various conditions, including sexual disorders, infertility, chest pain, and enlarged prostate, but there is no good scientific evidence to support most of these uses. Some studies suggest that tribulus may be helpful in lessening symptoms of angina and enhancing athletic performance, but evidence is lacking for other health conditions.
In addition to its traditional uses, Tribulus terrestris is also marketed as a dietary supplement for general health, bodybuilding, and to improve sexual function, often as an ingredient in testosterone booster supplements. Some research suggests that it may help manage blood sugar and cholesterol levels in people with type 2 diabetes. However, more studies are needed to fully understand its potential benefits and risks.
