Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) characterized by inflammation and ulcers in the inner lining of the colon (large intestine) and rectum. It causes symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea often mixed with blood, urgency to defecate, and weight loss. The inflammation usually starts in the rectum and can spread to affect part or all of the colon
. UC is caused by an abnormal immune system reaction where the immune system mistakenly attacks the cells lining the colon, leading to inflammation and ulcer formation. The exact cause is unknown, but genetic factors, immune response abnormalities, and environmental triggers may play roles
. Symptoms tend to come in flare-ups with periods of remission. Complications can include severe colon damage, increased risk of colon cancer, and inflammation in other parts of the body such as eyes and joints
. Diagnosis is typically made through medical history, physical exams, blood and stool tests, and colonoscopy with biopsies
. Treatment involves medications to reduce inflammation and manage symptoms, and in some cases, surgery may be necessary
. Ulcerative colitis is a lifelong condition but with proper treatment, many people can manage symptoms and lead active lives
