Compounds formed from non-metals consist primarily of covalent bonds. In covalent bonding, atoms share electrons to achieve stability rather than transferring them, which differentiates these bonds from ionic bonds commonly formed between metals and non-metals. Covalent bonds can be nonpolar, where electrons are shared equally, or polar, where electrons are shared unequally due to differences in electronegativity. These bonds can be single, double, or triple, allowing for various molecular shapes and complex structures. This type of bonding is typical in molecules involving only non-metal atoms, such as in water (H2O) or molecular oxygen (O2).
