Athens had a direct democracy. This type of democracy allowed all adult male citizens to participate directly in political decision-making, rather than through elected representatives. Citizens could attend assemblies, speak freely, vote on laws, policies, and officials, and serve in government roles often chosen by lot. However, participation was limited to free adult male citizens, excluding women, slaves, and foreigners. The system included institutions like the assembly (Ekklesia), a council called the Boule, and courts that collectively ensured political decisions were made by the majority and that power was distributed to prevent tyranny.
Characteristics of Athenian Democracy
- Direct participation of male citizens in the assembly.
- Voting usually by show of hands or secret ballots for specific issues.
- Officials often chosen by lottery (sortition) to avoid concentration of power.
- Exclusion of women, slaves, and non-citizens from political rights.
- Institutions like the Ekklesia, Boule, and courts established checks and balances.
- Active political engagement and public debate were central elements.
Thus, Athenian democracy is regarded as one of the earliest and most developed forms of direct democracy in history, emphasizing active citizen involvement and equality among those entitled to participate.