Canada has a federal parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy. This means:
- Constitutional Monarchy : The head of state is the monarch (currently King Charles III), who is represented in Canada by the Governor General at the federal level and by Lieutenant Governors in the provinces. The monarch's role is largely ceremonial, with executive authority exercised on their behalf by these representatives
- Parliamentary Democracy : The government is elected by the people and must maintain the confidence of the elected House of Commons. The Parliament of Canada consists of three parts: the Crown (monarch), the Senate (appointed members), and the House of Commons (elected members). The House of Commons members are elected by Canadian citizens in single-member electoral districts using a first-past-the-post system
- Federal System : Canada’s government is divided into three levels-federal, provincial/territorial, and municipal-each with its own responsibilities and powers. The federal government handles national and international matters, while provincial and territorial governments manage areas like education and healthcare, and municipal governments oversee local services
- Executive Branch : The Prime Minister is the head of government and leads the Cabinet, which is responsible for implementing laws and policies. The Prime Minister is appointed by the Governor General but must have the support of the majority in the House of Commons
- Legislative Branch : Bicameral Parliament with the elected House of Commons and the appointed Senate. Both chambers must approve legislation, which then receives royal assent to become law
- Judicial Branch : Independent judiciary interprets laws and ensures they comply with the Constitution
In summary, Canada’s government combines a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy and federalism, ensuring representation, responsible government, and division of powers across multiple levels
