Babies should generally not be given cow's milk as a main drink before they are 12 months old. The American Academy of Pediatrics and many health experts recommend exclusive breastfeeding or iron-fortified infant formula for the first year. Cow's milk is not suitable for babies under 1 year because it does not provide enough of some essential nutrients, has high levels of protein, sodium, and potassium that can be hard for a baby to digest, and may contribute to iron deficiency anemia. After the baby turns 12 months old, whole cow's milk can be introduced as a replacement for breast milk or formula. At this age, babies no longer need infant formula, and whole milk provides the fats necessary for brain development. It is recommended to start by replacing one feeding per day with whole cow's milk, preferably in a cup, and gradually increasing this while weaning off breast milk or formula. Introducing cow's milk gradually can help the baby get used to the taste and avoid digestive discomfort. Some guidelines note that while solid foods containing dairy (like yogurt and cheese) can be given after 6 months as long as there is no allergy risk, cow's milk as a primary drink should wait until 12 months. There is some recent WHO guidance urging that in some cases cow's milk might be introduced from 6 months, but this is conditional and varies by country context, with many health authorities maintaining the 12-month recommendation for safety reasons. In summary:
- Before 12 months: Breast milk or iron-fortified formula only; no cow's milk as a main drink.
- After 12 months: Whole cow's milk can be introduced gradually as the main milk source.
- Use whole milk (not low-fat) until age 2 unless otherwise advised by a pediatrician.
This approach helps ensure proper nutrition and reduces risks associated with giving cow's milk too early.
