A comma is used to separate parts of a sentence to clarify meaning and indicate natural pauses. Common uses include separating independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, etc.), after introductory clauses or phrases, in lists with three or more items, setting off nonessential information, and to clarify meaning in direct address or dates.
Key Uses of Commas
- Separating independent clauses: Use a comma before coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, so, etc.) when they join two complete sentences. For example, "I went to the store, and I bought milk."
- After introductory phrases or clauses: Place a comma after introductory elements in a sentence to signal a pause and transition to the main clause. For example, "After the meeting, we went to lunch."
- In lists or series: Use commas to separate three or more items in a list. For example, "We need eggs, milk, and bread." This includes lists of words, phrases, or clauses
- Setting off nonessential information: Use commas to enclose clauses, phrases, or words that add extra information but are not critical to the main meaning. Example: "My brother, who lives in New York, is visiting."
- Direct address and dates: Commas separate names or titles in direct address ("Let's eat, John!") and elements of dates or places ("April 5, 2024")
When Not to Use Commas
- Do not place a comma between two verbs sharing the same subject unless necessary for clarity.
- Avoid commas between an article and its noun (e.g., "the cat," not "the, cat").
- No comma before "and" if joining two elements (not independent clauses) or in short compound predicates.
Essentially, commas guide readers by marking natural pauses, separating ideas, and clarifying meaning in sentences.
If more detailed rules or examples are needed, additional elaboration can be provided.
