Artificial intelligence (AI) as a concept was largely invented and formalized in the 1950s. The term "artificial intelligence" was coined by John McCarthy in 1955 as part of a research proposal. The official birth of AI as an academic discipline is often traced to the Dartmouth College workshop in 1956, organized by McCarthy and others, where the foundation for AI research was laid. Alan Turing, considered the "father of AI," also made significant early contributions, including the Turing Test in 1950, which proposed a way to evaluate machine intelligence. Early AI work dates back to programs such as a checkers-playing machine developed in the early 1950s. From the 1950s onward, AI research advanced with milestones like industrial robots in the 1960s and natural language processing programs like ELIZA in the 1960s. In summary, AI was invented in the mid-20th century with the official term and field being established around 1955-1956.
