When heat is applied to a substance, the energy goes into increasing the kinetic energy of the molecules, causing them to move faster. This energy can also be used to break intermolecular bonds, leading to changes in the state of matter (such as melting or boiling). Additionally, in some cases, the energy can break intramolecular bonds, causing chemical reactions. Essentially, the heat energy transfers into the substance, raising its internal energy and potentially changing its physical or chemical state depending on the amount of heat and the nature of the substance.
Heat transfer occurs through three main mechanisms:
- Conduction: Heat energy is passed through the vibration of particles in solids directly from one particle to another.
- Convection: Heat is transferred through the movement of fluids (liquids or gases), where warmer parts rise and cooler parts sink, creating currents.
- Radiation: Heat is transferred via electromagnetic waves without needing a medium, allowing heat to travel through a vacuum.
In summary, the energy goes into making particles move faster, breaking bonds, and facilitating phase changes, depending on the substance and the heat applied.
