which type of bias occurs when the method of observation tends to produce values that systematically differ from the true value in some way?

The type of bias that occurs when the method of observation tends to produce values that systematically differ from the true value in some way is called measurement bias or response bias. This type of bias results in systematic errors that skew the collected data away from the true values, leading to inaccuracies in measurement and potential misinterpretation of results. It can happen, for example, if an instrument is miscalibrated or if survey questions are worded in a way that influences responses.