The Philistines were an ancient people of Aegean origin who settled on the southern coast of Canaan (modern-day Israel and Gaza) around the 12th century BCE, during the Late Bronze Age collapse. They are believed to have migrated from the island of Crete or the broader Aegean region and were part of the Sea Peoples who invaded Egypt and the Levant around 1190 BCE. After being repulsed by the Egyptians, they established a confederation of five city-states known as the Philistine Pentapolis: Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, Gath, and Ekron
. The Philistines had a distinct culture that blended Mediterranean and Levantine elements, including unique pottery, weapons, and architecture. They were known for their advanced military technology and formidable fighting skills, often clashing with the Israelites, as famously depicted in the biblical story of David and Goliath. The Philistines are frequently portrayed negatively in the Bible as idol worshipers and enemies of Israel
. Politically, the Philistines lost their autonomy by the end of the Iron Age, becoming vassals to larger empires such as the Assyrians, Egyptians, and Babylonians. Their cities were eventually destroyed or conquered, notably by Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon around 604 BCE, leading to their exile and assimilation into surrounding cultures. By the late 5th century BCE, they ceased to exist as a distinct group in historical records
. The name "Palestine" is derived from "Philistia," the land of the Philistines, a term later used by the Romans to designate the region, partly to diminish Jewish ties to the land
. In summary, the Philistines were a seafaring, warrior people of Aegean origin who settled in the southern Levant, established a unique culture and political entity, and played a significant role in the ancient history of the region, especially in relation to the Israelites
