The overall outcome of the Crusades was that the Muslims won and the Christians lost. The final Crusader strongholds were lost by 1291 to Muslim forces, ending Crusader rule in the Holy Land. However, individual Crusades had mixed results:
- The First Crusade (1096-1099) was a remarkable success for the Christians, capturing Jerusalem and establishing Crusader states.
- Subsequent Crusades had fluctuating outcomes. For example, the Third Crusade (1189-1192) led by Richard the Lionheart regained some territory like Acre but failed to recapture Jerusalem.
- Some Crusades, like the Fifth, were won by Muslims (e.g., capturing Damietta).
- The Fourth Crusade was diverted and resulted in the sack of the Christian Byzantine city of Constantinople.
- Ultimately, despite some Christian victories in early Crusades, the Muslims maintained control over Jerusalem and most of the region.
In summary, the Muslims were victorious in the long term, but there were periods and battles during which Christians won significant victories.
