Stillbirth is a complex outcome with multiple potential causes, and in many cases no single cause can be identified. Here’s a concise overview of what is generally understood about why stillbirth occurs, along with some common risk factors and what can be done. Direct answer
- Stillbirth can result from problems with the placenta or umbilical cord, fetal genetic or congenital conditions, infections in the mother or fetus, pregnancy complications (such as high blood pressure or diabetes), and less commonly from trauma or certain maternal health conditions. In many cases, no specific cause is found, even after thorough testing.
Key categories of causes
- Placental problems: Insufficient blood flow, placental abruption, or other placental issues can deprive the fetus of oxygen and nutrients. These are among the most common contributors to stillbirth, especially later in pregnancy.
- Umbilical cord problems: Knots, compression, or other cord issues can cut off oxygen supply to the fetus. These can be associated with term stillbirths or events during labor.
- Fetal genetic and congenital problems: Chromosomal abnormalities and major birth defects can lead to fetal death before or during birth.
- Infections: Maternal, placental, or fetal infections (such as certain bacteria, viruses, or parasites) can cause stillbirth. The risk profile can vary by gestational age.
- Maternal health conditions and pregnancy complications: Chronic hypertension, preeclampsia, diabetes, obesity, thyroid disorders, autoimmune diseases, and certain blood conditions can increase risk, particularly later in pregnancy or at term. Multiple gestation (twins/triplets) also raises risk.
- Pregnancy-related and labor factors: Prolonged pregnancy (beyond 42 weeks), preterm labor, or complications during labor can contribute to stillbirth.
Understanding uncertainty and research
- In many cases, even with extensive evaluation, the cause remains unknown. Large studies and networks (like those that studied thousands of stillbirth cases) have helped identify patterns but have not guaranteed a single explanation for every case.
Risk factors and prevention (general concepts)
- Risk factors include a prior stillbirth, maternal conditions (like hypertension or diabetes), obesity, infections during pregnancy, placental problems, and multiple pregnancy. Some risk factors are modifiable (e.g., management of maternal health conditions, avoiding harmful exposures), while others are not. Regular prenatal care helps monitor for warning signs and manage known risks.
- Prevention focuses on early and ongoing prenatal care, screening for fetal growth and placenta function, managing chronic conditions, and addressing infections or exposures when identified. In some cases, specific interventions (like treating maternal infections or managing Rh incompatibility) can reduce risk.
Common questions people ask
- Can stillbirth be predicted or prevented? Some risk assessment and monitoring can identify problems early, but stillbirth can still occur even with routine care. Ongoing research aims to improve prediction and prevention.
- Are there warning signs? For many pregnancies, warning signs like reduced fetal movement or unusual vaginal bleeding warrant prompt medical evaluation, but not all stillbirths are preceded by noticeable signs.
If you’re seeking information for a specific situation
- For personal concerns about risk, pregnancy, or outcomes, it’s important to discuss with a healthcare provider who can review medical history, current pregnancy details, and appropriate testing options. They can tailor information to the individual context and provide guidance on monitoring and management.
Would you like a concise comparison of the main causes with examples, or targeted guidance on how prenatal care addresses some of these risks?
