Sore throats are usually caused by viral infections, with colds and flu being the most common culprits, but they can also be caused by bacteria (notably strep throat), allergies, dry or polluted air, irritants like smoke, or mouth breathing. Most cases improve on their own within a few days to a week. Key factors and what they mean:
- Viral infections (most common): The throat becomes irritated as the immune system fights off the virus and as viruses irritate the throat lining.
- Bacterial infections (less common but important): Group A Streptococcus can cause strep throat, which may require antibiotics to prevent complications and shorten symptoms.
- Allergies or irritants: Postnasal drip from allergies or irritation from smoke, pollution, or dry air can inflame the throat.
- Environmental and behavioral factors: Dry indoor air, shouting or talking for long periods, and dehydration can worsen throat soreness.
- Chronic or recurrent sore throats: If sore throats persist beyond about 10 days or keep returning, it may be due to chronic pharyngitis, allergies, persistent infections, or environmental exposures.
When to see a clinician (red flags):
- Severe throat pain with fever, drooling, or inability to swallow
- Rash, neck stiffness, or a muffled voice
- Symptoms lasting longer than a week or recurring frequently
- White patches or a grey/white coating on the tonsils or back of the throat
- Recurrent sore throats with difficulty breathing or dehydration
What helps at home (for most viral sore throats):
- Rest, hydration, and soothing fluids
- Gargling with warm salt water
- throat lozenges or pops (avoiding under 4 years of age)
- Humidified air or a steam inhalation cautiously
- Pain relief as appropriate (e.g., acetaminophen or ibuprofen, following dosing guidelines)
If strep throat is suspected (e.g., sudden sore throat with fever, tender neck glands, absence of cough, and age-appropriate risk), a clinician may test for group A streptococcus and may prescribe antibiotics if positive. Note: I’ve not included medical advice beyond general information. If symptoms are concerning, or you’re unsure about the cause or the need for antibiotics, consult a healthcare professional for an personalized assessment.
