Elbow pain when you extend your arm is a common symptom with several possible causes. Getting a clearer picture depends on details like how long it’s been happening, what activities worsen or improve it, and whether there’s swelling, warmth, or a history of injury. Here are the most common possibilities and what they mean:
- Tendinopathy (tennis elbow or golfer’s elbow)
- This is inflammation or degeneration of forearm tendons that attach near the elbow. Pain is often on the outside (tennis elbow) or inside (golfer’s elbow) of the elbow and can worsen with bending or extending the elbow against resistance or with repetitive wrist/arm movements. It’s typical after overuse or repetitive motions.
- Bursitis
- Inflammation of the bursa at the tip of the elbow (olecranon bursa) can cause pain and sometimes swelling, especially with elbow extension or pressure on the elbow.
- Nerve irritation or entrapment
- The ulnar nerve can become irritated or compressed around the inner elbow (cubital tunnel). This may cause pain along the inner elbow and forearm, sometimes with tingling or numbness in the ring and little fingers.
- Ligament or joint issues
- Sprains, instability, or early arthritis can cause pain during movement, including straightening the elbow, particularly if there’s a history of trauma or repetitive stress.
- Biceps tendon issues
- Inflammation or degeneration of the biceps tendon can cause pain at the front of the elbow that may be felt when extending the arm.
What you can do now
- Rest from aggravating activities and avoid forceful bending/straightening that reproduces pain.
- Ice the area for 15–20 minutes several times a day if there is swelling or warmth.
- Use a lightweight elbow brace or wrap to limit strain during activities.
- Gentle range-of-motion movements can help maintain mobility, but stop if pain increases.
- Over-the-counter anti-inflammatory options (e.g., ibuprofen or naproxen) may help if not contraindicated for you—follow label directions or talk to a clinician.
When to seek medical evaluation urgently
- Severe or sudden swelling, deformity, or inability to move the elbow.
- Pain that persists beyond 2–3 weeks despite rest and self-care.
- Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the hand or fingers.
- Pain worsens at night or with minimal use.
A clinician can assess with a physical exam and, if needed, imaging or nerve tests to distinguish tendinopathy, bursitis, nerve entrapment, or joint problems, and tailor treatment. Treatments may include targeted physical therapy, pharmacologic options, activity modification, or, in some cases, injections or further interventions. If you’d like, share a bit more:
- How long this has been happening and whether it followed an injury.
- Exactly where the pain is (outside, inside of elbow, front), and whether it radiates.
- Any numbness, tingling, or weakness in the hand.
- What activities tend to worsen or improve the pain.
This will help narrow down the likely causes and guide next steps.
