Stillbirth happens when a baby dies in the womb after 20 weeks of pregnancy or during labor. It can result from multiple and sometimes overlapping factors, and in many cases no single cause is found. Here are the main categories and examples commonly discussed in reputable sources:
- Placental problems
- Placental insufficiency or growth restriction: the placenta fails to deliver enough oxygen and nutrients to the fetus.
- Placental abruption: the placenta separates from the uterus before or during labor, reducing oxygen to the baby.
- Umbilical cord problems
- Cord prolapse, knots, or compression can cut off the baby’s oxygen supply.
- Genetic or congenital conditions
- Chromosomal abnormalities or severe birth defects that affect development.
- Infections
- Maternal infections can affect the fetus and placenta, sometimes without obvious symptoms in the mother.
- Maternal health conditions and pregnancy complications
- High blood pressure disorders (including preeclampsia), diabetes, and other chronic conditions.
- Severe bleeding, certain autoimmune conditions, or problems during pregnancy that disrupt the pregnancy’s course.
- Lifestyle and environmental factors
- Smoking, alcohol use, illicit drug use, and exposure to certain toxins can raise risk, especially when combined with other risk factors.
- Multiple pregnancies
- Twins or higher-order pregnancies carry higher risk due to placental or shared issues.
Key points to keep in mind:
- The majority of stillbirths occur later in pregnancy, but causes can be present earlier.
- In many cases, a combination of factors contributes rather than a single cause.
- Inflammation or infections may be present even if the mother has no symptoms.
- Some stillbirths are unexplained even after thorough investigation.
What can reduce risk or help with care:
- Regular prenatal care to monitor fetal growth and maternal health.
- Screening and diagnostic tests as recommended by a healthcare provider (e.g., ultrasound for growth assessment, fetal monitoring if indicated).
- Managing chronic conditions (blood pressure, diabetes) with a clinician.
- Avoiding harmful substances (tobacco, alcohol, non-prescribed drugs) during pregnancy.
- Immediately reporting concerning signs: vaginal bleeding, severe abdominal pain, or sudden decrease in fetal movement.
If you’re seeking personalized guidance, discussing specific risk factors with a healthcare provider or a maternal-fetal medicine specialist is important. They can review medical history, perform appropriate tests, and discuss potential interventions or monitoring strategies tailored to the situation.
