Fluoride is added to public water supplies primarily to prevent tooth decay by strengthening tooth enamel and making teeth more resistant to cavities. This controlled addition, known as water fluoridation, helps reduce dental caries, especially in children. Fluoride works by slowing enamel demineralization and enhancing remineralization of early-stage cavities. The practice began in the mid-20th century after research showed that communities with naturally higher fluoride levels in water had fewer cavities. Today, fluoridation is endorsed by major health organizations as safe and effective at recommended levels. It provides continuous low-level exposure to fluoride, which is beneficial for dental health.
Purpose of Fluoride in Water
- To reduce tooth decay (dental caries), a very common chronic disease worldwide.
- To strengthen teeth and make enamel more resistant to acid attack from bacteria.
- To provide a consistent, low-level systemic exposure to fluoride, helping children and adults alike.
- To help bridge dental health inequalities, particularly benefiting children and low socioeconomic groups.
How Fluoride Works in Water
- Fluoride ions combine with tooth enamel, repairing and strengthening it.
- It acts as a constant oral "repair kit," neutralizing acid and encouraging remineralization.
- Constant exposure through drinking water supplements the use of fluoride toothpaste for better oral health.
Fluoride Levels and Safety
- Fluoride concentration is controlled, typically at about 0.7 to 1 mg per liter of water.
- Levels above recommended limits are avoided to prevent fluorosis.
- Regulatory bodies monitor fluoride levels and endorse fluoridation as safe.
In summary, fluoride is added to water to reduce tooth decay and improve public dental health through continuous preventive exposure at safe, regulated levels.
