A DNA database is a specialized database that stores DNA profiles, which are unique identifiers derived from an individual's genetic material. These databases are primarily used in forensic investigations to match DNA from crime scenes with individuals' DNA profiles in the database, helping to identify suspects or victims. DNA databases can also be used for genealogical research and medical purposes. There are different types of DNA databases:
- Forensic DNA databases store DNA profiles of individuals, often suspects or convicted offenders, and DNA from crime scenes. They enable law enforcement to find matches and support criminal investigations.
- Genealogical DNA databases store DNA profiles from genealogical tests for family history research.
- Medical DNA databases contain DNA data related to medical conditions and genetic research.
Example: The United States maintains a national forensic DNA database called the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), which helps link crime scenes to individuals and supports over 130,000 investigations. Similarly, the UK has the National DNA Database, which is the largest and longest-running forensic DNA database globally. In forensic contexts, such a DNA match made through a database search is often called a "cold hit." DNA profiles in these databases are typically based on specific regions of DNA called Short Tandem Repeats (STRs).
