Juniper berries are generally safe to eat but with important cautions. Only certain species, such as Juniperus communis, have berries that are considered edible and commonly used in cooking and flavoring gin. However, some varieties like Juniperus sabina and Juniperus oxycedrus have toxic berries that should not be consumed. All juniper berries contain thujone, an oil that in large quantities can cause stomach upset, diarrhea, and kidney problems. Eating small amounts of edible juniper berries as a spice or flavoring is typically safe, but large quantities or prolonged intake can be harmful. Additionally, they are not recommended for pregnant or breastfeeding women due to potential risks including miscarriage. It's also important to avoid berries from plants exposed to pesticides or pollution. Handling juniper plants may cause skin irritation, so care is advised.
In summary, juniper berries can be eaten safely in moderation if they come from a known edible species and are free from contaminants, but caution is advised especially for sensitive groups.
