since blockchain technology is public, how are the identities of users protected?

Since blockchain technology is public, user identities are protected primarily through pseudonymity and cryptographic techniques rather than by fully hiding transactions. Users interact with the blockchain using public keys or wallet addresses, which act like usernames instead of revealing their real names or personal information. Each public key corresponds to a private key known only to the user, which secures access to their assets and transaction approvals. Because only these cryptographic addresses are visible on the blockchain, it is very difficult to link transactions to a user's true identity unless the user voluntarily reveals it or is traced carefully. More advanced privacy techniques include specialized cryptographic methods used by some blockchains (like Monero and Zcash) that hide transaction details such as sender, receiver, and amounts. Additionally, concepts like self-sovereign identity (SSI) and decentralized identifiers (DID) allow users to manage and share identity data selectively without a central authority. Zero-knowledge proofs enable verification of attributes (e.g., age) without exposing the underlying data. Together, these features provide strong identity protection while allowing public transparency and immutability of the blockchain ledger. In summary, user identity protection in public blockchains relies on pseudonymous cryptographic keys, private key secrecy, advanced cryptographic privacy tools, and self-sovereign identity frameworks that give users control over their personal data.