Liver failure is a serious condition that can cause a range of complications. Acute liver failure is the loss of liver function that occurs quickly, usually in a person who has no preexisting liver disease. It can cause serious complications, including bleeding and increased pressure in the brain, and is a medical emergency that requires hospitalization. Chronic liver failure is a slow decline in liver function that occurs alongside cirrhosis, or severe scarring of the liver. Cirrhosis may be caused by excess alcohol consumption, hepatitis B or C, or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
The symptoms of liver failure can vary depending on the type of liver failure and the underlying cause. Acute liver failure can cause symptoms such as bleeding, changes in mental status, musty or sweet breath odor, movement problems, loss of appetite, general feeling of being unwell, and jaundice. Chronic liver failure can cause symptoms such as jaundice, confusion or other mental difficulties, swelling in the belly, arms or legs, severe fatigue, and a tendency to bleed easily.
Complications of liver failure can include bacterial and fungal infections, low blood sugar, swelling of the brain, confusion, abdominal swelling, and abnormal bleeding. Depending on the cause, acute liver failure can sometimes be reversed with treatment, such as N-acetylcysteine or antiviral medication. In some cases, a liver transplant may be necessary.
