In biology, a mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of an organism. This change can occur due to various factors, such as errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens, or viral infections. Mutations can be classified into two types:
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Germline mutations: These mutations occur in eggs and sperm and can be passed on to offspring. They contribute to genetic variation within species and can also be inherited if they have a positive effect.
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Somatic mutations: These mutations occur in body cells and are not passed on to offspring. They can have localized effects on the individual, such as the development of cancer.
Mutations can have different consequences, depending on their nature and location. Some mutations may be beneficial, while others can be harmful or have no significant effect. For example, the disorder sickle cell anemia is caused by a mutation in the gene that instructs the building of a protein called hemoglobin. This mutation causes red blood cells to become an abnormal, rigid, sickle shape. However, in African populations, having this mutation also protects against malaria.
Overall, mutations are essential for introducing new traits in a population, changing allele frequencies, and contributing to genetic diversity. However, most mutations are either repaired by the cells sophisticated machinery or occur in somatic cells, leading to minimal consequences for the individual.
