Syphilis is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum. It is primarily transmitted through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex. The infection progresses through several stages, each with different symptoms:
- Primary Stage: Typically features a single painless sore called a chancre, usually on the genitals, anus, or mouth. This sore is highly contagious.
- Secondary Stage: Characterized by a skin rash, often on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, swollen lymph nodes, fever, patchy hair loss, and possible sores in the mouth or vagina.
- Latent Stage: This stage can last for years or decades with no symptoms, but the infection remains in the body.
- Tertiary Stage: Occurs years after infection if untreated, and can cause severe damage to organs such as the heart, brain, blood vessels, and other tissues. This stage can be life-threatening.
Syphilis can also affect the nervous system (neurosyphilis), eyes (ocular syphilis), and ears (otosyphilis) at any stage. It can be transmitted from an infected pregnant woman to her unborn child, causing congenital syphilis, which can result in serious complications for the baby. Syphilis is not spread through casual contact or by touching objects such as doorknobs or toilet seats. It can be effectively treated and cured with antibiotics, especially if detected early. Early treatment can prevent irreversible damage and reduce transmission to others. Condom use reduces the risk of transmission, and regular testing is important, particularly for sexually active individuals and pregnant women. In summary, syphilis is a serious but treatable sexually transmitted infection that requires early diagnosis and treatment to avoid severe health consequences.
