Sparta had a unique and complex form of government known as a constitutional diarchy, which combined elements of monarchy, oligarchy, and limited democracy. At the core of Spartan government were two hereditary kings who ruled simultaneously, sharing religious, judicial, and military duties. Their power, however, was checked by other political bodies. Key components of Spartan government included:
- Dual Kingship: Two kings from different families ruled together. They served as military leaders, priests, and judges but were limited in some powers over time.
- Gerousia (Council of Elders): A council of 28 elders over 60 years old, plus the two kings, elected for life, which prepared laws and served as a supreme court.
- Ephors: Five officials elected annually by Spartan citizens, who held significant executive, judicial, and oversight powers, including control over the kings during military campaigns and foreign policy.
- Assembly (Apella): Consisted of all male Spartan citizens over 30 years old, which voted on proposals and elected officials but had limited legislative power.
This system created a balance of powers with checks among kings, elders, ephors, and assembly, blending oligarchic and democratic elements with the military monarchy of the two kings.
