Diabetes that is genetic primarily includes Type 1 diabetes, several types of MODY (Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young), and Type 2 diabetes to a significant extent.
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes has a genetic predisposition involving multiple genes (polygenic inheritance). It is not directly inherited as a single-gene disorder but increases the probability of developing the condition. Environmental factors also interact with genetic susceptibility to trigger the disease.
MODY Diabetes
MODY is a group of monogenic diabetes types caused by mutations in specific genes (e.g., HNF4A, HNF1A, glucokinase (GK) gene). Different MODY types result from mutations in different genes, such as MODY 2 (GK gene), MODY 3 (HNF1A gene), and others.
Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes has a strong genetic component with more than 120 genetic loci identified that are associated with susceptibility. Family history is a major risk factor, and genetics influence insulin secretion and resistance pathways. The risk is higher if a close family member, especially the mother, has Type 2 diabetes.
Summary
- Type 1 diabetes: Polygenic, increased risk due to genetic and environmental factors.
- MODY diabetes: Monogenic, caused by mutations in specific genes.
- Type 2 diabetes: Polygenic with many genetic risk loci, strong familial link.
Gestational diabetes and secondary diabetes also have genetic influences but are more multifactorial.
Thus, diabetes forms with notable genetic links are Type 1, various MODY types, and Type 2 diabetes.
